Francois Marcel invented the process of finger waving in 1872 and on long hair would certainly have required assistance. Only the top and sides would have been waved and great care was needed to put the long hair up without pulling the waved hair straight. Later on came curling irons, the forerunner of hot brushes and tongs. These required infinite skill, if they were not hot enough the wave wouldn't hold and if the were too hot, as most often was the case, the hair was fried. That was after the poor ladies maid had burned her face testing the heat. Used correctly, and from the picture, it looks as if ONs has been, the wave is much crisper and longer lasting, in fact a non chemical permanent wave.